This is a review of the proprioceptive senses generated as a result of our own actions. They
include the senses of position and movement of our limbs and trunk, the sense of effort, the …

This review of kinaesthesia, the senses of limb position and limb movement, has been
prompted by recent new observations on the role of motor commands in position sense …

This is an account of experiments carried out in my laboratory over more than 20 years,
exploring the influence of exercise on human limb position sense. It is known that after …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? We describe the structure and function of
secondary sensory endings of muscle spindles, their reflex action and role in motor control …

The sense of position of the body and its limbs is a proprioceptive sense. Proprioceptors are
concerned with monitoring the body's own actions. Position sense is important because it is …

The kinesthetic senses are the senses of position and movement of the body, senses we are
aware of only on introspection. A method used to study kinesthesia is muscle vibration …

When a muscle relaxes after a contraction, cross-bridges between actin and myosin in
sarcomeres detach, but about 1% spontaneously form new, non-force-generating …

Proprioceptors are non‐nociceptive low‐threshold mechanoreceptors. However, recent
studies have shown that proprioceptors are acid‐sensitive and express a variety of proton …

Joint position sense is believed to be mediated by muscle afferent signals. Because a
“phantom” hand produced by a sensory and motor nerve block appears to move in the …

The sense of limb position is important, because it is believed to contribute to our sense of
self-awareness. Muscle spindles, including both primary and secondary endings of spindles …