Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by
a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and …

Opioids are powerful drugs that usurp and overpower the reward function of endogenous
opioids and engage dramatic tolerance and withdrawal via molecular and neurocircuitry …

Allostasis, or stability through change, has most often been linked with challenges to
homeostasis, in which repeated challenges or stressors produce sufficient allostatic load to …

The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm is a well-established model utilized to
study the role of context associations in reward-related behaviors, including both natural …

In an increasing number of states and countries, cannabis now stands poised to join alcohol
and tobacco as a legal drug. Quantifying the relative adverse and beneficial effects of …

Compulsive drug seeking that is associated with addiction is hypothesized to follow a
heuristic framework that involves three stages (binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect …

The development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) involves binge or heavy drinking to high
levels of intoxication that leads to compulsive intake, the loss of control in limiting intake, and …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

The consequences of chronic stress on brain structure and function are far reaching.
Whereas stress can produce short-term adaptive changes in the brain, chronic stress leads …

All animals evaluate the salience of external stimuli and integrate them with internal
physiological information into adaptive behavior. Natural and sexual selection im**e on …