The liver is a highly dynamic metabolic organ that plays critical roles in plasma protein
synthesis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, cholesterol metabolism and bile acid …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease that is characterized by the appearance of
insulin resistance. The term insulin resistance is very wide and could affect different proteins …

Many researchers, especially those new to the field, need to determine which criteria are
essential for demonstrating autophagy, either for the purposes of their own research, or in …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

Lysosomes are the major cellular site for clearance of defective organelles and digestion of
internalized material. Demand on lysosomal capacity can vary greatly, and lysosomal …

The aggregation of α-synuclein plays a major role in Parkinson disease (PD) pathogenesis.
Recent evidence suggests that defects in the autophagy-mediated clearance of α-synuclein …

Autophagy is a self‐degradative process that is important for balancing sources of energy at
critical times in development and in response to nutrient stress. Autophagy also plays a …

Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a regulated catabolic pathway to degrade cellular
organelles and macromolecules. The role of autophagy in cancer is complex and may differ …

With aging, the nervous system gradually undergoes degeneration. Increased oxidative
stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death are …