Glutamate excitotoxicity is a hypothesis that states excessive glutamate causes neuronal
dysfunction and degeneration. As glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the …

Apoptosis plays a major role in sha** the develo** nervous system during
embryogenesis as neuronal precursors differentiate to become post‐mitotic neurons …

Calcium (Ca 2+) is a fundamental regulator of cell signaling and function. Thapsigargin (Tg)
blocks the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca 2+-ATPase (SERCA), disrupts Ca 2+ …

A single family of proteases, the caspases, has long been considered the pivotal
executioner of all programmed cell death. However, recent findings of evolutionarily …

For a long time necrosis was considered as an alternative to programmed cell death,
apoptosis. Indeed, necrosis has distinct morphological features and it is accompanied by …

Glutamate receptor-mediated excitatory neurotransmission plays a key role in neural
development, differentiation and synaptic plasticity. However, excessive stimulation of …

Glutamate is an essential excitatory neurotransmitter regulating brain functions. Excitatory
amino acid transporter (EAAT)‐2 is one of the major glutamate transporters expressed …

There is an increasing interest in nootropic drugs for the treatment of CNS disorders. Since
the last meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy of piracetam, more information has …

Neuronal cell death plays a role in many chronic neurodegenerative diseases with the loss
of particular subsets of neurons. The loss of the neurons occurs during a period of many …

In brain ischemia, gating of postsynaptic glutamate receptors and other membrane channels
triggers intracellular Ca 2+ overload and cell death. In excitotoxic settings, the initial Ca 2+ …