The human body cannot store zinc reserves, so a deficiency can arise relatively quickly, eg,
through an improper diet. Severe zinc deficiency is rare, but mild deficiencies are common …

Protein homeostasis is a vital process for cell function and, therefore, disruption of the
molecular mechanisms involved in this process, such as autophagy, may contribute to …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade is a central signaling
pathway that regulates a wide variety of stimulated cellular processes, including mainly …

Mitochondrially generated reactive oxygen species are involved in a myriad of signaling and
damaging pathways in different tissues. In addition, mitochondria are an important target of …

Significance: The mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is
encoded by genomic DNA and its dismutase function is fully activated in the mitochondria to …

A mammalian cell houses two genomes located separately in the nucleus and mitochondria.
During evolution, communications and adaptations between these two genomes occur …

In response to oxidative stress, the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription
factor translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and transactivates expression of …

An abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent decrease in
vascular bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) have long been proposed to be the common …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increases in plants under stress. ROS can
damage cellular components, but they can also act in signal transduction to help the cell …

Virtually every mammalian cell contains mitochondria. These double-membrane organelles
continuously change shape and position and contain the complete metabolic machinery for …