Over the past two decades it became evident that the immune system plays a central role in
modulating learning, memory and neural plasticity. Under normal quiescent conditions …

Abstract According to the Alzheimer Association Report (2017), Alzheimer's disease (AD) is
the 6th primary cause of death in the USA, which affects nearly 5.5 million people. In the …

Cytokines are proteins secreted in the central nervous system by neurons, microglia,
astrocytes and infiltrating peripheral immune cells under physiological and pathological …

Depression is a major health problem with a high prevalence and a heavy socioeconomic
burden in western societies. It is associated with atrophy and impaired functioning of cortico …

Diabetic encephalopathies are now accepted complications of diabetes. They appear to
differ in type 1 and type 2 diabetes as to underlying mechanisms and the nature of resulting …

Neurotrophins have been intensively studied and have multiple roles in the brain.
Neurotrophins are first synthetized as proneurotrophins and then cleaved intracellularly and …

The importance of an adequate periconceptional maternal folate status to prevent fetal
neural tube defects has been well demonstrated and resulted in the recommendation for …

Environmental enrichment (EE) is an environmental paradigm encompassing sensory,
cognitive, and physical stimulation at a heightened level. Previous studies have reported the …

There is a fundamental link between cholinergic neurotransmitter function and overt and
covert actions. Major cholinergic systems include peripheral motor neurons organizing …

Hericium erinaceus is a valuable mushroom known for its strong bioactive properties. It
shows promising potential as an excellent neuroprotective agent, capable of stimulating …