Cells exert, sense, and respond to physical forces through an astounding diversity of
mechanisms. Here we review recently developed tools to quantify the forces generated by …

Single-molecule force spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate the forces
and motions associated with biological molecules and enzymatic activity. The most common …

Class 2 CRISPR-Cas nucleases are programmable genome editing tools with promising
applications in human health and disease. However, DNA cleavage at off-target sites that …

Synthetic signaling receptors enable programmable cellular responses coupling with
customized inputs. However, engineering a designer force-sensing receptor to rewire …

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) relays integrin signaling from outside to inside cells and
contributes to cell adhesion and motility. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of FAK …

T cells are triggered when the T-cell receptor (TCR) encounters its antigenic ligand, the
peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC), on the surface of antigen presenting cells …

Understanding cellular force transmission dynamics is crucial in mechanobiology. We
developed the DNA-based ForceChrono probe to measure force magnitude, duration, and …

We present a new estimator for computing free energy differences and thermodynamic
expectations as well as their uncertainties from samples obtained from multiple equilibrium …

Mechanical stimuli profoundly alter cell fate, yet the mechanisms underlying
mechanotransduction remain obscure because of a lack of methods for molecular force …

Single-molecule magnetic tweezers deliver magnetic force and torque to single target
molecules, permitting the study of dynamic changes in biomolecular structures and their …