Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a critical complication of diabetic retinopathy, a condition
that arises from the breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier and the consequent increase in …

This work aims to summarize predictive biomarkers to guide treatment choice in DME.
Intravitreal anti-VEGF is considered the gold standard treatment for centers involving DME …

Background Diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion are vision threatening retinal
vascular diseases. Current first-line therapy targets the vascular component, but many …

Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that participates in immunomodulation,
inflammation, increases vascular permeability, hematopoiesis, and stimulates cell …

The management of retinal diseases relies heavily on digital imaging data, including optical
coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA). Targeted feature extraction …

The role of inflammation in diabetic retinopathy (DR) is well-established and dysregulation
of a large number of inflammatory mediators is known. These include cytokines …

Macrophage-like cells (MLCs) are potential inflammatory biomarkers. We previously showed
that MLCs are increased in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) eyes. Vision-threatening …

Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is considered a chronic inflammatory disease associated
with aberrations in many intraocular cytokines. Studies assessing the role of these cytokines …

Introduction Diabetes, a major cause of premature mortality, affects millions globally, with its
prevalence increasing due to lifestyle factors and aging populations. This systematic review …

Diabetic macular edema (DME) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)
are multifactorial disorders that affect the macula and cause significant vision loss. Although …