Various biopharmaceutical products are distributed as freeze-dried formulations in vials.
Minimizing batch heterogeneity, which refers to the variability of relevant properties among …

Numerous commercially available biopharmaceuticals are frozen or freeze-dried in vials.
The temperature at which ice nucleates and its distribution across vials in a batch is critical …

Freeze-drying is used to prolong the shelf life of pharmaceutical formulations stored in vials.
To achieve this, formulations are first frozen and then dried, yielding a porous product that …

Purpose This study investigates the thermal interactions between adjacent vials during
freezing and assesses their impact on nucleation times. Methods Various loading …

The freeze-drying of biopharmaceuticals is a common strategy to extend their shelf-life and
facilitate the distribution of therapeutics. The drying phase is the most demanding one in …

In this work, a non-isothermal pore network (PN) model with quasi-steady vapor transport
and transient heat transfer is presented for the first time for the application of primary freeze …

In this work, a non-isothermal pore network (PN) model with quasi-steady vapor transport
and transient heat transfer is presented for the first time for the application of primary freeze …