Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Coastal areas have been increasingly affected by human activities, marine pollution and
climate change are among the most important pressures affecting these environments …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Climate change is impacting ecosystems worldwide. Estuaries are diverse and important
aquatic ecosystems; and yet until now we have lacked information on the response of …

Observed changes and impacts Ongoing climate trends have exacerbated many extreme
events (very high confidence). The Australian trends include further warming and sea level …

Climate change poses increasingly severe risks for coastal ecosystems and coastal
communities all around the globe. This condition requires implementing climate adaptation …

Understanding the impacts on the Brazilian semi-arid coast, which is a drought-prone area
(> 1000 km) in the tropical Atlantic, and how ecosystems survive and adapt to such extreme …

Estuaries host unique biodiversity and deliver a range of ecosystem services at the interface
between catchment and the ocean. They are also among the most degraded ecosystems on …

One of the effects associated with climate change is sea-level rise (SLR). Initial IPCC reports
predicted that sea levels would rise by 60 cm by 2100. However, the most recent IPCC …