Investigations of long-term changes in brain structure and function that accompany chronic
exposure to drugs of abuse suggest that alterations in gene regulation contribute …

Many recognize that several behaviors potentially affecting the reward circuitry in human
brains lead to a loss of control and other symptoms of addiction in at least some individuals …

There is a high degree of overlap between brain regions involved in processing natural
rewards and drugs of abuse.“Non-drug” or “behavioral” addictions have become …

ΔFosB is a member of the Fos family of transcription factors. While other family members are
induced rapidly but transiently in response to a host of acute stimuli, ΔFosB is unique in that …

Enriched environmental (EE) housing dampens stress-induced alterations in
neurobiological systems, promotes adaptability, and extinguishes submissive behavioral …

The information contained in this text is not intended, nor implied, to be a substitute for
professional medical advice. It is provided for educational purposes only. Always seek the …

Sex is ubiquitous and variable throughout the animal kingdom. Historically, scientists have
used reductionist methodologies that rely on a priori sex categorizations, in which two …

Addiction has been a divisive term when applied to various compulsive sexual behaviors
(CSBs), including obsessive use of pornography. Despite a growing acceptance of the …

The hypothalamus is most often associated with innate behaviors such as is hunger, thirst
and sex. While the expression of these behaviors important for survival of the individual or …

Drugs of abuse induce neuroplasticity in the natural reward pathway, specifically the
nucleus accumbens (NAc), thereby causing development and expression of addictive …