Innovative approaches to surface water quality management: advancing nitrate (NO3) forecasting with hybrid CNN-LSTM and CNN-GRU techniques

S Davoudi, K Roushangar - Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2025 - Springer
Accurate nitrate estimation in surface water is essential for ecological and human health. To
predict nitrate levels (NO3; mg/L) in the Willamette River at Portland, Oregon, USA, three …