Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the
global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes …

Electric vehicles powered by lithium‐ion batteries are viewed as a vital green technology
required to meet CO2 emission targets as part of a global effort to tackle climate change …

Metallic materials have enabled technological progress over thousands of years. The
accelerated demand for structural (that is, load-bearing) alloys in key sectors such as …

Sustainable metal supply requires well-coordinated strategy and policy packages based on
a sound scientific understanding of anticipated long-term demand, supply, and associated …

Lithium ion batteries have been undergoing rapid development in the global market due to
their superior performance. However, the soaring number of lithium ion batteries in the …

The significant development in advanced technologies such as lithium-ion batteries has
increased the demand of cobalt and nickel. As a result, continuous supply from primary …

The growth in metal use in the past few decades raises concern that supplies may be
insufficient to meet demands in the future. From the perspective of historical and current use …

Over 90% of the global economy continues to use natural resources unsustainably. The
linear “take-make-toss” approach to materials use still prevails over circular economy and …

Nickel is a critical metal due to its importance in social development with major applications
in both low-and high-tech aspects. Several studies have focused on nickel production and …

The stable operation of nickel market provides essential safeguard for the realization of
global sustainable energy transition. In the context of prominent geopolitical risks and …