Over 20 years ago, the pyrrolysine encoding translation system was discovered in specific
archaea. Our Review provides an overview of how the once obscure pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Summary Nonsense mutations, accounting for> 20% of disease-associated mutations, lead
to premature translation termination. Replacing uridine with pseudouridine in stop codons …

Nonsense mutations or premature termination codons (PTCs) comprise∼ 11% of all genetic
lesions, which result in over 7,000 distinct genetic diseases. Due to their outsized impact on …

Unnatural amino acids (UAAs) have gained significant attention in protein engineering and
drug development owing to their ability to introduce new chemical functionalities to proteins …

The covalent attachment of Ub (ubiquitin) to target proteins (ubiquitylation) represents one of
the most versatile PTMs (post-translational modifications) in eukaryotic cells. Substrate …

Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has transformed our understanding of proteins'
subcellular organization and revealed cellular details down to nanometers, far beyond …

Conditionally replicating viruses (CRVs) are a type of virus with one or more essential gene
functions that are impaired resulting in the disruption of viral genome replication, protein …

Mutations that introduce premature termination codons (PTCs) within protein-coding genes
are associated with incurable and severe genetic diseases. Many PTC-associated disorders …

With unlimited selectivity, full post-translational chemical control of biology would circumvent
the dogma of genetic control. The resulting direct manipulation of organisms would enable …