Vaccines were initially developed on an empirical basis, relying mostly on attenuation or
inactivation of pathogens. Advances in immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry …

Schistosomiasis, caused by trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is recognized
as the most important human helminth infection in terms of morbidity and mortality. Infection …

Herein we show for the first time that Schistosoma mansoni adult worms secrete exosome-
like extracellular vesicles ranging from 50 to 130 nm in size. Extracellular vesicles were …

Schistosomiasis, caused mainly by S. mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum,
continues to be a serious tropical disease and public health problem resulting in an …

Hookworm infection and schistosomiasis rank among the most important health problems in
develo** countries. Both cause anaemia and malnutrition, and schistosomiasis also …

Background Schistosomiasis continues to be a significant public health problem. This
disease affects 200 million people worldwide and almost 800 million people are at risk of …

Gastrointestinal nematodes, such as Trichuris trichiura (human whipworm), are a major
source of morbidity in humans and their livestock. There is a paucity of commercially …

Schistosomes are parasitic blood flukes that infect approximately 200 million people and are
arguably the most important human helminth in terms of mortality. The outermost surface of …

The unique multilaminate appearance of the tegument surface of schistosomes was first
described in 1973, in one of the earliest volumes of the International Journal for …

Helminth parasites secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) into their environment that have
potential roles in host-parasite communication, and thus represent potentially useful targets …