Topical products, widely used to manage skin conditions, have evolved from simple potions
to sophisticated delivery systems. Their development has been facilitated by advances in …

Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular
composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by …

The outermost epidermal layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, is not simply a barrier that
safeguards skin integrity from external insults and invaders, it is also a delicately integrated …

Mathematical models of skin permeability play an important role in various fields including
prediction of transdermal drug delivery and assessment of dermal exposure to industrial …

Skin's effectiveness as a barrier to permeation of water and other chemicals rests almost
entirely in the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), which consists of …

The skin barrier is fundamental to terrestrial life and its evolution; it upholds homeostasis
and protects against the environment. Skin barrier capacity is controlled by lipids that fill the …

Lipid peroxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative stress is non-
enzymatic damage that affects the integrity of biological membrane, and alters the fluidity …

Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) are the main cellular site of metabolic energy storage. Their
structure is unique inside the cell, with a core of esterified fatty acids and sterols, mainly …

Stratum corneum (SC) bilayer lipids, specifically fatty acids, ceramides and cholesterol,
contribute to the permeability barrier function of the skin. Normal skin cleansing is …

Very few drugs have the necessary physicochemical properties to cross the skin's main
permeability barrier, the stratum corneum (SC), in sufficient amounts. Propylene glycol (PG) …