Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function. The gradual decline in
kidney function leads to an accumulation of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys, resulting …

Numerous studies have indicated that the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is strictly associated with the accumulation of toxic …

Background Human gut bacteria can synthesize proteinogenic amino acids and produce a
range of metabolites via protein fermentation, some known to exert beneficial or harmful …

Associations between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the gut microbiota have been
postulated, yet questions remain about the underlying mechanisms. In humans, dietary …

The intestinal microbiota metabolic activity towards the available substrates generates
myriad bacterial metabolites that may accumulate in the luminal fluid. Among them, indole …

Indoxyl sulfate is an extensively studied uremic solute. It is a small molecule that is more
than 90% bound to plasma proteins. Indoxyl sulfate is derived from the breakdown of …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by accumulation of protein-bound uremic
toxins such as p-cresyl sulfate, p-cresyl glucuronide, indoxyl sulfate and indole-3-acetic acid …

Chronic kidney disease is highly prevalent worldwide. The decline of renal function is
associated with inadequate removal of a variety of uremic toxins that exert detrimental …

Obesity currently represents a major societal and health challenge worldwide. Its prevalence
has reached epidemic proportions and trends continue to rise, reflecting the need for more …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the retention of a myriad of solutes termed
uraemic (or uremic) toxins, which inflict damage to several organs, including the …