Visual motion on the retina activates a cohort of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This
population activity encodes multiple streams of information extracted by parallel retinal …

The human visual cortex processes light and dark stimuli with ON and OFF pathways that
are differently modulated by luminance contrast. We have previously demonstrated that ON …

Accurate measures of contrast sensitivity are important for evaluating visual disease
progression and for navigation safety. Previous measures suggested that cortical contrast …

The primary visual cortex signals the onset of light and dark stimuli with ON and OFF cortical
pathways. Here, we demonstrate that both pathways generate similar response increments …

Visual input plays an important role in the development of myopia (nearsightedness), a
visual disorder that blurs vision at far distances. The risk of myopia progression increases …

A fundamental task of the visual system is to respond to both increases and decreases of
luminance with action potentials (ON and OFF responses 1–4). OFF responses are stronger …

The primary visual cortex of carnivores and primates is dominated by the OFF visual
pathway and responds more strongly to dark than light stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that …

How does the brain link visual stimuli across space and time? Visual illusions provide an
experimental paradigm to study these processes. When two stationary dots are flashed in …

Human vision processes light and dark stimuli in visual scenes with separate ON and OFF
neuronal pathways. In nature, stimuli lighter or darker than their local surround have different …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a popular clinical method to modify
cortical processing. The events underlying TMS-induced functional changes remain …