Global development has been heavily reliant on the overexploitation of natural resources
since the Industrial Revolution. With the extensive use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other …

This review examines the current understanding of the global coastal ocean carbon cycle
and provides a new quantitative synthesis of air-sea CO2 exchange. This reanalysis yields …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

The coastal ocean contributes to regulating atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations by
taking up carbon dioxide (CO2) and releasing nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). In …

Recent attention has focused on the high rates of annual carbon sequestration in vegetated
coastal ecosystems—marshes, mangroves, and seagrasses—that may be lost with habitat …

The purpose of this review is to highlight progress in unraveling carbon cycling dynamics
across the continuum of landscapes, inland waters, coastal oceans, and the atmosphere …

A synthesis of long-term changes in pH of coastal ecosystems shows that, in contrast to the
uniform trends of open-ocean acidification (− 0.0004 to− 0.0026 pH units yr–1) driven by …

Estuaries are a major boundary in the land-ocean interaction zone where organic carbon
(OC) and nutrients are being processed, resulting in a high water-to-air carbon dioxide …

The air–sea exchanges of CO 2 in the world's 165 estuaries and 87 continental shelves are
evaluated. Generally and in all seasons, upper estuaries with salinities of less than two are …

A carbon budget for the northwest European continental shelf seas (NWES) was
synthesized using available estimates for coastal, pelagic and benthic carbon stocks and …