BACKGROUND Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are organized aggregates of immune
cells that form postnatally in nonlymphoid tissues. TLSs are not found under physiological …

In chronic infection, inflammation and cancer, the tissue microenvironment controls how
local immune cells behave, with tissue-resident fibroblasts emerging as a key cell type in …

Intratumoral immune cells are crucial for tumor control and antitumor responses during
immunotherapy. Immune cell trafficking into tumors is mediated by binding of specific …

The chemokines (or chemotactic cytokines) are a large family of small, secreted proteins that
signal through cell surface G protein‐coupled heptahelical chemokine receptors. They are …

Lymph nodes (LNs) are strategically positioned at dedicated sites throughout the body to
facilitate rapid and efficient immunity. Central to the structural integrity and framework of LNs …

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a recently described IL-10 family cytokine that is produced by T
helper (Th) 17 cells, γδ T cells, NKT cells, and newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) …

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are defined as lymphoid aggregates formed in non-
hematopoietic organs under pathological conditions. Similar to secondary lymphoid organs …

Ectopic lymphoid-like structures often develop at sites of inflammation where they influence
the course of infection, autoimmune disease, cancer and transplant rejection. These …

Pathologic T cell–B cell interactions underlie many autoimmune diseases. The T cells that
help B cells in autoimmune diseases vary in phenotype and include T cells that lack typical …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) expressing the transcription factor RORγt induce the postnatal
formation of intestinal lymphoid follicles and regulate intestinal homeostasis. RORγt+ ILC …