The development of drug-reinforced behavior is a transition process characterized by a
relatively rapid shift from little or no drug-maintained responding to high, stable levels of …

Considerable experimental and clinical data demonstrate that stress (defined as a challenge
to homeostasis) can alter cognition. This chapter reviews this subject, concentrating on three …

Although sex differences have been demonstrated in behavioral paradigms of fear
conditioning, the findings have been inconsistent, and fear extinction has been little studied …

Many findings suggest that changes in circulating estrogen levels influence cognition, in
some cases impairing performance and in others enhancing performance. One …

Exposure to an acute stressful experience facilitates classical conditioning in male rats but
impairs conditioning in female rats (TJ Shors, C. Lewczyk, M. Paczynski, PR Mathew, & J …

Stress may promote emotional and cognitive disturbances, which differ by sex. Adverse
outcomes, including memory disturbances, are typically observed following chronic stress …

The effects of ketoconazole, an inhibitor of corticosterone synthesis, were examined during
food satiation and food restriction in male and female rats to determine whether increases in …

Female ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-OVX rats were trained in a task designed to assess
sustained attention. After achieving asymptotic performance, OVX rats did not exhibit the …

Women experience profound hormonal fluctuations throughout their reproductive lives. They
are especially susceptible to disturbances in mood and cognition during the transition from …

Memory disruption commonly follows chronic stress, whereas acute stressors are generally
benign. However, acute traumas such as mass shootings or natural disasters—lasting …