Tobacco smoking is a major determinant of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide.
More than a billion people smoke, and without major increases in cessation, at least half will …

The brain reward circuit has a central role in reinforcing behaviors that are rewarding and
preventing behaviors that lead to punishment. Recent work has shown that the lateral …

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of
nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also …

Nicotine stimulates dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to establish
and maintain reinforcement. Nicotine also induces anxiety through an as yet unknown …

The occurrence of neuroactive chemicals in the aquatic environment is on the rise and
poses a potential threat to aquatic biota of currently unpredictable outcome. In particular …

Nicotine stimulates the dopamine (DA) system, which is essential for its rewarding effect.
Nicotine is also aversive at high doses; yet, our knowledge about nicotine's dose-dependent …

Over the last decade, the understanding of the habenula has rapidly advanced from being
an understudied brain area with the Latin name 'habena” meaning “little rein”, to being …

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a heterogeneous family of
pentameric ligand-gated cation channels that are expressed throughout the brain and …

Computational analysis of cellular activity has developed largely independently of modern
transcriptomic cell typology, but integrating these approaches may be essential for full …

Tobacco smoking results in more than five million deaths each year and accounts for∼ 90%
of all deaths from lung cancer. Nicotine, the major reinforcing component of tobacco smoke …