Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration
ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In …

Breathing is a well-described, vital and surprisingly complex behaviour, with behavioural
and physiological outputs that are easy to directly measure. Key neural elements for …

The ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata has been suspected since the 1960s to
harbor central respiratory chemoreceptors [ie, acid-activated neurons that regulate breathing …

Respiratory chemoreceptor activity encoding arterial Pco2 and Po2 is a critical determinant
of ventilation. Currently, the relative importance of several putative chemoreceptor …

µ-Opioid receptors (MORs) are responsible for mediating both the analgesic and respiratory
effects of opioid drugs. By binding to MORs in brainstem regions involved in controlling …

Among numerous challenges encountered at the beginning of extrauterine life, the most
celebrated is the first breath that initiates a life-sustaining motor activity. The neural systems …

Galanin is a neurohormone as well as a neurotransmitter and plays versatile physiological
roles for the neuroendocrine axis, such as regulating food intake, insulin level and …

GPR4 is a proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor implicated in many peripheral and
central physiological processes. GPR4 expression has previously been assessed only via …

An interoceptive homeostatic system monitors levels of CO2/H+ and provides a
proportionate drive to respiratory control networks that adjust lung ventilation to maintain …

The rostral half of the ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and adjacent ventrolateral retropontine
region (henceforth RVLMRP) have been divided into various sectors by neuroscientists …