Cytokines are key messengers by which immune cells communicate, and they drive many
physiological processes, including immune and inflammatory responses. Early discoveries …

Chronic low-grade inflammation and neuronal deregulation are two components of a
smoldering disease activity that drives the progression of disability in people with multiple …

Quantitative MRI provides biophysical measures of the microstructural integrity of the CNS,
which can be compared across CNS regions, patients, and centres. In patients with multiple …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central
nervous system (CNS), which gives rise to focal lesions in the gray and white matter and to …

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have
important physiological functions in maintaining tissue homeostasis but also contribute to …

Immune processes have a vital role in CNS homeostasis, resilience and brain reserve. Our
cognitive and social abilities rely on a highly sensitive and fine-tuned equilibrium of immune …

The complement cascade is a critical effector mechanism of the innate immune system that
contributes to the rapid clearance of pathogens and dead or dying cells, as well as …

Cognitive decline is recognized as a prevalent and debilitating symptom of multiple sclerosis
(MS), especially deficits in episodic memory and processing speed. The field aims to (1) …

In human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), an imbalance between
demyelination and remyelination can trigger progressive degenerative processes. The …

A better understanding of the pathological mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration in
individuals with multiple sclerosis is needed to develop therapies that will effectively treat …