Earth's biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural
resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social and economic inequalities, and habitat …

Urbanization and industrial development are increasing rapidly. These are accompanied by
problems of population explosion, encroachment of agricultural, and construction lands …

Our current 1.1 C warmer world is already affecting natural and human systems in Europe
(very high confidence1). Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Executive summary Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing
and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and …

Sea level rise (SLR) will increase adaptation needs along low-lying coasts worldwide.
Despite centuries of experience with coastal risk, knowledge about the effectiveness and …

Abstract An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 C above pre-
industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of …

The two most urgent and interlinked environmental challenges humanity faces are climate
change and biodiversity loss. We are entering a pivotal decade for both the international …

The carbon balance of peatlands is predicted to shift from a sink to a source this century.
However, peatland ecosystems are still omitted from the main Earth system models that are …

Increasing human populations around the global coastline have caused extensive loss,
degradation and fragmentation of coastal ecosystems, threatening the delivery of important …