Sex differences between males and females can be detected early in life. They are present
also later even to a much greater extent affecting our life in adulthood and a wide spectrum …

Evidence suggests that there are differences in the capacity for empathy between males and
females. However, how deep do these differences go? Stereotypically, females are …

Literature Cited to accompany Animal Communication, 2e Page 1 Principles of Animal
Communication, Second Edition Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp Chapter 14 …

Evolutionary theory postulates that altruistic behavior evolved for the return-benefits it bears
the performer. For return-benefits to play a motivational role, however, they need to be …

The current review aims to unify existing views of altruism through an examination of the
biological bases of a fundamental form of giving: altruistic responding. Altruistic responding …

How animals respond to conflict provides key insights into the evolution of socio-cognitive
and emotional capacities. Evidence from apes has shown that, after social conflicts …

Consolation, ie, postconflict affiliative interaction directed from a third party to the recipient of
aggression, is assumed to have a stress-alleviating function. This function, however, has …

The aim of this review is to discuss recent arguments and findings in the comparative study
of empathy. Based on a multidisciplinary approach including psychology and ethology, we …

Contact directed by uninvolved bystanders toward others in distress, often termed
consolation, is uncommon in the animal kingdom, thus far only demonstrated in the great …

Claims for mirror self-recognition have been made for numerous species ranging from
dolphins and elephants to fish and ants. But based on rigorous, reproducible experimental …