Acetylcholine plays an essential role in fundamental aspects of cognition. Studies that have
mapped the activity and functional connectivity of cholinergic neurons have shown that the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is diagnosed by its cardinal motor symptoms that are associated
with the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). However …

The pontomesencephalic tegmentum, comprising the pedunculopontine nucleus and
laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, is involved in various functions via complex connections; …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the midbrain …

This review considers pathophysiological mechanisms of posture‐gait disturbances in
Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical studies have shown that posture‐gait disturbance …

Background The symptoms associated with depression are believed to arise from
disruptions in information processing across brain networks. The ventral tegmental area …

The brain is a remarkably complex organ responsible for a wide range of functions,
including the modulation of emotional states and movement. Neuronal circuits are believed …

Animal behaviors can be divided into two states according to their motor activity: the active
motor state, which involves significant body movements, and the inactive motor state, which …

Introduction: Altered signaling or function of acetylcholine (ACh) has been reported in
various neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Tourette syndrome, epilepsy …

Background A historically definitive marker for cholinergic neurons is choline
acetyltransferase (ChAT), a synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine,(ACh), which can be …