Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)
remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases with over a billion deaths in the past 200 …

Eukaryotic cells maintain a highly organized endolysosomal system. This system regulates
the protein and lipid content of the plasma membrane, it participates in the intracellular …

Exosomes are generated within the multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) as intraluminal
vesicles (ILVs) and secreted during the fusion of MVEs with the cell membrane. The …

Macrophages and neutrophils play a decisive role in host responses to intracellular bacteria
including the agent of tuberculosis (TB), M ycobacterium tuberculosis as they represent the …

Sufficient mineral supply is vital not only for the innate immune system but also for the
components of the adaptive immune defense, which encompass defense mechanisms …

Zinc (Zn) nutritional importance has been known for a long time, but in the last decades its
importance in immune modulation has arisen. This review aims at describing the …

The early endosome (EE), also known as the sorting endosome (SE) is a crucial station for
the sorting of cargoes, such as receptors and lipids, through the endocytic pathways. The …

Of the approximately 70 human Rab GTPases, nearly three-quarters are involved in
endocytic trafficking. Significant plasticity in endosomal membrane transport pathways is …

Phagocytosis, the regulated uptake of large particles (> 0.5 μm in diameter), is essential for
tissue homeostasis and is also an early, critical component of the innate immune response …

Over the past two decades, our understanding of phospoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) has
progressed from the identification of an enzymatic activity associated with growth factors …