This review examines the current understanding of the global coastal ocean carbon cycle
and provides a new quantitative synthesis of air-sea CO2 exchange. This reanalysis yields …

Vegetated coastal habitats have been identified as important carbon sinks. In contrast to
angiosperm-based habitats such as seagrass meadows, salt marshes and mangroves …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

The international scientific community is increasingly recognizing the role of natural systems
in climate‐change mitigation. While forests have historically been the primary focus of such …

Marine vegetated habitats (seagrasses, salt-marshes, macroalgae and mangroves) occupy
0.2% of the ocean surface, but contribute 50% of carbon burial in marine sediments. Their …

Mangroves are ecologically and economically important forests of the tropics. They are
highly productive ecosystems with rates of primary production equal to those of tropical …

Ocean acidification refers to the lowering of the ocean's pH due to the uptake of
anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere. Coral reef calcification is expected to decrease as …

Estuaries are biogeochemical hot spots because they receive large inputs of nutrients and
organic carbon from land and oceans to support high rates of metabolism and primary …

Phytoplankton blooms characterize temperate ocean margin zones in spring. We
investigated the bacterioplankton response to a diatom bloom in the North Sea and …

The global decline in estuarine and coastal ecosystems (ECEs) is affecting a number of
critical benefits, or ecosystem services. We review the main ecological services across a …