Following exposure of our eye to very intense illumination, we experience a greatly elevated
visual threshold, that takes tens of minutes to return completely to normal. The slowness of …

▪ Abstract Phototransduction is the process by which a photon of light captured by a
molecule of visual pigment generates an electrical response in a photoreceptor cell …

One of the major challenges in modern biology is to understand how the molecular
components of a living cell operate in a highly noisy environment. What are the specific …

A new academic field, neuroeconomics, has emerged at the border of the social and natural
sciences. In Foundations of Neuroeconomic Analysis, Paul Glimcher argues that a …

To permit direct functional analyses of neural circuits, we have developed a method for
stimulating groups of genetically designated neurons optically. Coexpression of the …

Seeing begins in the photoreceptors, where light is absorbed and signaled to the nervous
system. Throughout the animal kingdom, photoreceptors are diverse in design and purpose …

In mammals, a small population of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
(ipRGCs) plays a key role in the regulation of nonvisual photic responses, such as …

Positive and negative feedback loops are common regulatory elements in biological
signaling systems. We discuss core feedback motifs that have distinct roles in sha** …

The 4 mammalian arrestins serve as almost universal regulators of the largest known family
of signaling proteins, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Arrestins terminate receptor …

▪ Abstract Cyclic nucleotide–activated ion channels play a fundamental role in a variety of
physiological processes. By opening in response to intracellular cyclic nucleotides, they …