Modern societies are experiencing an increasing trend of reduced sleep duration, with
nocturnal slee** time below the recommended ranges for health. Epidemiological and …

CD8+ T cells are critical mediators of cytotoxic effector function in infection, cancer and
autoimmunity. In cancer and chronic viral infection, CD8+ T cells undergo a progressive loss …

To dissect therapeutic mechanisms of transplanted stem cells and develop exosome-based
nanotherapeutics in treating autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, we assessed …

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that is caused by the interplay of genetic,
particularly the HLA-DR15 haplotype, and environmental risk factors. How these etiologic …

Immune cell function and metabolism are closely linked. Many studies have now clearly
demonstrated that alterations in cellular metabolism influence immune cell function and that …

Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

CD4+ T cells differentiate and acquire distinct functions to combat specific pathogens but
can also adapt their functions in response to changing circumstances. Although this …

Protein kinase B (Akt), similar to many other protein kinases, is at the crossroads of cell
death and survival, playing a pivotal role in multiple interconnected cell signaling …

The tumor microenvironment restrains conventional T cell (Tconv) activation while facilitating
the expansion of Tregs. Here we showed that Tregs' advantage in the tumor milieu relies on …

Mammals co-exist with resident microbial ecosystem that is composed of an incredible
number and diversity of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Owing to direct contact between resident …