NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was
identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with …

The procurement and management of nutrients and ability to fight infections are fundamental
requirements for survival. These defense responses are bioenergetically costly, requiring …

Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell
dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state …

Exosomes are nanoparticles secreted by all cell types and are a large component of the
broader class of nanoparticles termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). Once secreted …

Ageing and age-related diseases share some basic mechanistic pillars that largely
converge on inflammation. During ageing, chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation—called …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) acts as a moving organelle with many important cellular
functions. As the ER lacks sufficient nutrients under pathological conditions leading to …

The ability to efficiently adapt metabolism by substrate sensing, trafficking, storage, and
utilization, dependent on availability and requirement, is known as metabolic flexibility. In …

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by chronic inflammation; both diseases
involve pancreatic islet inflammation, while systemic low-grade inflammation is a feature of …

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE Recent decades have seen an unprecedented rise in
obesity, and the health impact thereof is increasingly evident. In 2014, worldwide, more than …

Obesity is a multifactorial disease resulting in excessive accumulation of adipose tissue.
Over the last decade, growing evidence has identified the gut microbiota as a potential factor …