We review recent studies of the evolution of collective excitations in atomic nuclei far from
the valley of β-stability. Collective degrees of freedom govern essential aspects of nuclear …

This review aims at giving a critical description of the theoretical researches conducted on
the low-lying dipole states traditionally denoted as Pygmy Dipole Resonances (PDR). A brief …

A high-resolution (γ, γ′) study of the electric dipole response in P 208 b at the S-DALINAC
reveals a resonance structure centered around the neutron emission threshold. Microscopic …

The semi-magic nuclei 138Ba, 140Ce, and 144Sm have been investigated in photon
scattering experiments up to an excitation energy of about 10 MeV. The distribution of the …

The isoscalar toroidal dipole strength distributions in spherical nuclei are calculated in the
framework of a fully consistent relativistic random phase approximation. It is suggested that …

Dipole toroidal modes appear in many fields of physics. In nuclei, such a mode was
predicted more than 50 years ago, but clear experimental evidence was lacking so far …

Dipole and electric quadrupole excitations in 204,206,207,208 Pb have been measured up
to 6.75 MeV in resonant photon scattering experiments at the superconducting Darmstadt …

The self-consistent random-phase approximation, based on the framework of relativistic
energy density functionals, is employed in the study of isovector and isoscalar dipole …

The low-energy dipole excitations in Mg 24 are investigated within the Skyrme quasiparticle
random phase approximation for axial nuclei. The calculations with the force SLy6 reveal a …

The pygmy dipole resonance in neutron-rich nuclei is studied within the framework of the
Vlasov equation, which is solved numerically. The interaction used in the Thomas-Fermi …