Millions of people are suffering from Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19
(PASC). Several biological factors have emerged as potential drivers of PASC pathology …

Antibodies are powerful modulators of ongoing and future B cell responses. While the
concept of antibody feedback has been appreciated for over a century, the topic has seen a …

Re-exposure to an antigen generates abundant antibody responses and drives the
formation of secondary germinal centers (GCs). Recall GCs in mice consist almost entirely of …

Protein-based virus-like particles (P-VLPs) are commonly used to spatially organize
antigens and enhance humoral immunity through multivalent antigen display. However, P …

Adjuvants play pivotal roles in vaccine development, enhancing immunization efficacy
through prolonged retention and sustained release of antigen, lymph node targeting, and …

Prolonging exposure to subunit vaccines during the primary immune response enhances
humoral immunity. Escalating-dose immunization (EDI), administering vaccines every other …

Germinal centers (GCs) require sustained availability of antigens to promote antibody affinity
maturation against pathogens and vaccines. A key source of antigens for GC B cells are …

Multivalent viral epitopes induce rapid, robust and T cell-independent humoral immune
responses, but the biochemical basis for such potency remains incompletely understood …

Immunoengineering is a rapidly evolving field that has been driving innovations in
manipulating immune system for new treatment tools and methods. The need for materials …

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a betacoronavirus that
causes severe respiratory illness in humans. There are no licensed vaccines against MERS …