Intraspecific variation plays a critical role in extant and future forest responses to climate
change. Forest tree species with wide climatic niches rely on the intraspecific variation …

When a phenological shift affects a demographic vital rate such as survival or reproduction,
the altered vital rate may or may not have population-level consequences. We review the …

What is addressed as growing season in terrestrial ecosystems is one of the main
determinants of annual plant biomass production globally. However, there is no well …

A central prediction of evolutionary theory is that energy invested into reproduction comes at
the expense of somatic maintenance and repair, accelerating biological aging. Supporting …

Flowering plants exhibit two principal life-history strategies: annuality (living and
reproducing in one year) and perenniality (living more than one year). The advantages of …

The measurement of fitness is critical to biological research. Although the determination of
fitness for some organisms may be relatively straightforward under controlled conditions, it is …

Among dioecious flowering plants, females and males often differ in a range of
morphological, physiological, and life-history traits. This is referred to as sexual dimorphism …

Flowering plants possess an unrivaled diversity of mechanisms for achieving sexual and
asexual reproduction, often simultaneously. The commonest type of asexual reproduction is …

Dioecious plants exhibit sexual dimorphism in both sexual features (reproductive organs)
and secondary sex characteristics (vegetative traits). Sexual differences in secondary traits …

Trees do not form a natural group but share attributes such as great size, longevity, and high
reproductive output that affect their mode and tempo of evolution. In particular, trees are …