Abstract Language is a defining characteristic of our species, but the function, or functions,
that it serves has been debated for centuries. Here we bring recent evidence from …

In recent decades, much conceptual thinking in trophic ecology has been guided by theories
of nutrient limitation and the flow of elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, within and …

Несмотря на огромный объем фактов, современная нейронаука пока не дает
удовлетворительного объяснения природы разума (mind) и сознания (consciousness) …

Birch and colleagues have developed an important and useful framework for evaluating the
evidence for sentience–namely, the capacity to experience pain, distress and suffering, in …

Pain is a negative affective state arising from tissue damage or inflammation. Because pain
is aversive and its relief is innately rewarding, animals may learn to avoid a context in which …

Theories of consciousness and cognition that assume a neural substrate automatically
regard phylogenetically basal, nonneural systems as nonconscious and noncognitive. Here …

The ability to exert self-control varies within and across taxa. Some species can exert self-
control for several seconds whereas others, such as large-brained vertebrates, can tolerate …

Octopuses are mollusks that have evolved intricate neural systems comparable with
vertebrates in terms of cell number, complexity and size. The brain cell types that control …

Episodic memory, remembering past experiences based on unique what–where–when
components, declines during ageing in humans, as does episodic-like memory in non …

Octopus skin is an amazing source of inspiration for bioinspired sensors, actuators and
control solutions in soft robotics. Soft organic materials, biomacromolecules and protein …