Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses restricting the use of land for agriculture
because it limits the growth and development of most crop plants. Improving productivity …

Autophagy is a process in which cellular components are delivered to lytic vacuoles to be
recycled and has been demonstrated to promote abiotic/biotic stress tolerance. Here, we …

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in salicylic acid (SA)-induced tolerance to arsenic (As) stress in
maize plants is not reported in the literature. Before starting As stress (AsS) treatments, SA …

In plants, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulates rapidly in response to environmental
stress and variations in its endogenous concentration have been shown to affect plant …

Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid widely distributed in nature. It
is produced through irreversible α-decarboxylation of glutamate by enzyme glutamate …

Mitochondrial respiration and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity are required during salt
stress in plants to provide ATP and reductants for adaptive processes such as ion exclusion …

Proline is a proteinogenic amino acid synthesized from glutamate and ornithine. Pyrroline-5-
carboxylate synthetase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase are the two key enzymes …

Global climate change and associated adverse abiotic and biotic stress conditions affect
plant growth and development, and agricultural sustainability in general. Abiotic and biotic …

Plant responses to salinity are complex, especially when combined with other stresses, and
involve many changes in gene expression and metabolic fluxes. Until now, plant stress …

Plants incorporate acquired carbon and nitrogen into amino acid metabolism, whereby the
building blocks of proteins and the precursors of various metabolites are produced. This …