Given that an effect size of d=. 4 is a good first estimate of the smallest effect size of interest
in psychological research, we already need over 50 participants for a simple comparison of …

As handheld devices, such as tablets, become a common tool in schools, a critical and
urgent question for the research community is to assess their potential impact on …

Human Memory, 4th edition, provides a comprehensive overview of research and theory on
human memory. Written in an engaging style, the book is divided into three sections …

People increasingly read text displayed on digital devices, including computers, handheld e-
readers, and smartphones. Given this, there is rapidly growing interest in understanding how …

ABSTRACT A widespread concern in society is that adolescents experience an increased
inability to concentrate and sustain attention because they are continuously distracted by …

Environmental noise affects our daily functioning in many ways, and the cognitive,
motivational, and emotional effects of noise are intertwined. Our task performance under …

Research on the effect of background music (BgM) on cognitive task performance is marked
by inconsistent methods and inconclusive findings. In order to provide clarity to this area, we …

Virtual reality (VR) can induce side effects known as virtual reality-induced symptoms and
effects (VRISE). To address this concern, we identify a literature-based listing of these …

The effects of background speech or noise on visually based cognitive tasks has been
widely investigated; however, little is known about how the brain works during such …

The “cocktail party” problem—how a listener perceives speech in noisy environments—is
typically studied using speech (multi-talker babble) or noise maskers. However, realistic …