Cytokines produced by T helper cells (T h cells) have essential roles in the body's defense
against viruses. Type 1 T helper (Th1) cells are essential for the host defense toward …

Phenoconversion transiently converts genotypic extensive metabolizers (EMs) into
phenotypic poor metabolizers (PMs) of drugs, potentially with corresponding changes in …

Our recently published research on the characterization of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
pathogenesis in swine, identified a systemic upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6) during the …

Multiple inhibitory molecules create a profoundly immunuosuppressive environment during
chronic viral infections in humans and mice. Therefore, eliciting effective immunity in this …

T cell-mediated immune responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of liver
disorders; however, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Con A injection is a widely …

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces liver inflammation that can lead to fibrosis,
cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Inflammation is the outcome of the action of …

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine which is expressed in many inflammatory cells in
response to different types of stimuli, regulating a number of biological processes. The IL-6 …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver malignancy, representing the
third and fifth leading cause of death from cancer worldwide in men and women …

Extensive inflammation in the liver is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatitis C
virus (HCV) infection. Apoptosis has, for a long time, been known to act as a mechanism of …

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In hepatitis C virus infection an inappropriate ratio of pro-
inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may either determine different outcomes of the …