Recent years have witnessed tremendous growth in the epidermal growth factor (EGF)
family of peptide growth factors and the ErbB family of tyrosine kinases, the receptors for …

Cyclic AMP is a universal second messenger, produced by a family of adenylyl cyclase (AC)
enzymes. The last three decades have brought a wealth of new information about the …

The heterotrimeric G protein Gs couples hormone receptors (as well as other receptors) to
the effector enzyme adenylyl cyclase and is therefore required for hormone-stimulated …

Fluoride has been employed in laboratory investigations since the early 20th century. These
studies opened the understanding of fluoride interventions to fundamental biological …

ATP, besides an intracellular energy source, is an agonist when applied to a variety of
different cells including cardiomyocytes. Sources of ATP in the extracellular milieu are …

The extracellular receptor stimulated kinase ERK2 (p42 MAPK)‐phosphorylated human
cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D3 at Ser579 and profoundly reduced (∼ 75%) its …

I. Introduction T HE ROLE of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins)
in signal transduction was first covered in Endocrine Reviews in 1981, when three distinct G …

Activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) leads to stimulation of classical G protein
signaling pathways. In addition, GPCRs can activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases …

Gs is the ubiquitously expressed heterotrimeric G protein that couples receptors to the
effector enzyme adenylyl cyclase and is required for receptor‐stimulated intracellular cAMP …

Human fat cells possess a multireceptor-linked H 2 O 2-generating system that is activated
by insulin. Previous studies revealed that manganese was the sole cofactor required for a …