Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

Messenger RNA (mRNA)‐based therapies offer great promise for the treatment of a variety
of diseases. In 2020, two FDA approvals of mRNA‐based vaccines have elevated mRNA …

With the support of modern biotechnology, vaccine technology continues to iterate. The
safety and efficacy of vaccines are some of the most important areas of development in the …

Chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer derived from chitin that has wide applications in drugs,
vaccines, and antigen delivery. The distinctive mucoadhesive, biocompatibility …

Mucosal pathogens, as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lead …

Every year, influenza virus infections cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.
They pose a substantial burden of disease, in terms of not only health but also the economy …

The poultry industry is the largest source of meat and eggs for human consumption
worldwide. However, viral outbreaks in farmed stock are a common occurrence and a major …

Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are promising polymeric nanoparticles with exceptional
physicochemical, antimicrobial and biological characteristics. The CNPs are preferred for a …

Chitosan has received much attention for its role in designing and develo** novel
derivatives as well as its applications across a broad spectrum of biological and …

Advances in animal husbandry and better performance of livestock results in growing
demands for feed and its nutrients, bioactive compounds (bioactives), such as vitamins …