Water is a critical resource, but ensuring its availability faces challenges from climate
extremes and human intervention. In this Review, we evaluate the current and historical …

Irrigation accounts for~ 70% of global freshwater withdrawals and~ 90% of consumptive
water use, driving myriad Earth system impacts. In this Review, we summarize how irrigation …

Many previous studies have estimated the carrying capacity and feasible planetary
boundaries for humankind. However, less attention has been given to how we will …

Exceptional drought events, known as megadroughts, have occurred on every continent
outside Antarctica over the past~ 2,000 years, causing major ecological and societal …

Increasing the efficiency of on-farm water use requires wise decisions on the irrigation
system, the irrigation strategy and the method to schedule irrigation, among other factors …

Globally, thermodynamics explains an increase in atmospheric water vapor with warming of
around 7%/° C near to the surface. In contrast, global precipitation and evaporation are …

Irrigated agriculture accounts for∼ 90% of anthropogenic freshwater consumption, is
deployed on 22% of cultivated land, and provides 40% of global food production. Expanding …

Groundwater plays a vital role in food security, water availability, and economic growth of
more than 1.3 billion people in India. Notwithstanding the development of irrigation schemes …

Agriculture is the largest single source of global anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions,
with ruminants the dominant contributor. Livestock CH4 emissions are projected to grow …

Abstract Irrigated agriculture in South Asia depends on meltwater, monsoon rains and
groundwater. Climate change alters the hydrology and causes shifts in the timing …