Livestock play a significant role in rural livelihoods and the economies of develo**
countries. They are providers of income and employment for producers and others working …

Payments for environmental services (PES) have attracted increasing interest as a
mechanism to translate external, non-market values of the environment into real financial …

Concern over social equity dominates current debates about payments for ecosystem
services and reduced deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). Yet, despite the …

What started as a humble metaphor to help us think about our relation to nature has become
integral to how we are addressing the future of humanity and the course of biological …

Assessing global tendencies and impacts of conditional payments for environmental
services (PES) programs is challenging because of their heterogeneity, and scarcity of …

Most regulations designed to reduce environmental externalities impose costs on
individuals and firms. A large and growing literature examines whether these costs are …

Payments for environmental services (PES) are part of a new and more direct conservation
paradigm, explicitly recognizing the need to bridge the interests of landowners and …

In this paper the characteristics and functioning of PES is analyzed from an institutional
perspective. While in theory PES is seen as a market solution to environmental problems …

Should we reject money when we value nature? Like most environmentalists, ecological
economists are increasingly divided on this question. Synthesizing political ecology with …

Many of the services supplied by nature are externalities. Economic theory suggests that
some form of subsidy or contracting between the beneficiaries and the providers could result …