Highlights•Bees' specific nutritional requirements are partitioned between pollen and
nectar.•Nectar and pollen provide carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and micronutrients.•Bee …

Honey bees feed on floral nectar and pollen that they store in their colonies as honey and
bee bread. Social division of labor enables the collection of stores of food that are consumed …

▪ Abstract Bees are generally regarded as beneficial insects for their role in pollination, and
in the case of the honeybee Apis mellifera, for production of honey. As a result several bee …

Bees are herbivorous insects, consuming nectar and pollen throughout their life cycles. This
paper is a brief review of the chemistry of these two floral resources and the implications for …

Nectar properties tend to be similar for plants visited by the same kinds of pollinators, and
much of the available information on nectar chemistry has been collected in the context of …

A variety of methods are used in honey bee research and differ depending on the level at
which the research is conducted. On an individual level, the handling of individual honey …

Nectar drinkers must feed quickly and efficiently due to the threat of predation. While the
sweetest nectar offers the greatest energetic rewards, the sharp increase of viscosity with …

METHODS To examine the effects of foliar herbivory on floral morphology and pollinator
visitation, we used wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, a self-incompatible annual that …

Although several studies have shown that the presence of bees results in increased crop
yields, the mechanisms that determine pollination service across different spatial scales are …

An activity pattern is the change in levels of a particular activity through time. Activity pattern
data form the basis of much of behavioral ecology for two simple reasons. First, they tell us …