The first major scientific discovery of the Space Age was that the Earth is enshrouded in
toroids, or belts, of very high-energy magnetically trapped charged particles. Early …

The literature relevant to how solar variability influences climate is vast—but much has been
based on inadequate statistics and non-robust procedures. The common pitfalls are outlined …

We present an update of the 'key points' from the Antarctic Climate Change and the
Environment (ACCE) report that was published by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic …

This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights
changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely …

To understand how planet Earth works we study it increasingly as a system–a collection of
interdependent parts or spheres–the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the …

Precipitation of energetic particles into the atmosphere greatly disturbs the chemical
composition from the upper stratosphere to the lower thermosphere. Most important are …

The coupling of the Van Allen radiation belts to the Earth's atmosphere through precipitating
particles is an area of intense scientific interest. Currently, there are significant uncertainties …

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the Earth's outer radiation belt continuously
affects the chemical composition of the polar mesosphere. EEP can contribute to catalytic …

The surface response to 11 year solar cycle variations is investigated by analyzing the long‐
term mean sea level pressure and sea surface temperature observations for the period 1870 …

We evaluate the influence of the galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar proton events (SPE), and
energetic electron precipitation (EEP) on chemical composition of the atmosphere …