Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex
differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones …

The effect of the menstrual cycle on physical performance is being increasingly recognised
as a key consideration for women's sport and a critical field for further research. This …

First reported in Dec 2019, the on-going COVID-19 pandemic has become a public health
emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The isolation and quarantine during the …

Testosterone and cortisol figure prominently in the research literature having to do with
human competition. In this review, we track the history of this literature, concentrating …

Abstract Purpose of Review Sleep is an essential human behavior that plays a key role in
proper biopsychosocial development as well as short-and long-term biological, physical …

Science and Development of Muscle Hypertrophy, Second Edition, is the most
comprehensive resource on muscle hypertrophy in the world. Written by Brad Schoenfeld …

Purpose: To examine the effects of moderate-load exercise with and without blood-flow
restriction (BFR) on strength, power, and repeated-sprint ability, along with acute and …

Digit ratio (2D: 4D) denotes the relative length of the second and fourth digits. This ratio is
considered to be a biomarker of the balance between fetal testosterone (T) and estrogen (E) …

Circadian rhythms, among other factors, have been shown to regulate key physiological
processes involved in athletic performance [1–7]. Personal best performance of athletes in …

Considerable evidence suggests that the steroid hormone testosterone mediates major life-
history trade-offs in vertebrates, promoting mating effort at the expense of parenting effort or …