With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

Understanding the noncovalent interactions (NCIs) among the residues of proteins and
nucleic acids, and between drugs and proteins/nucleic acids, etc., has extraordinary …

Terahertz (THz) radiation encompasses a wide spectral range within the electromagnetic
spectrum that extends from microwaves to the far infrared (100 GHz–∼ 30 THz). Within its …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

Ultrafast spectroscopy techniques use sequences of ultrashort light pulses (with femto-to
attosecond durations) to study photoinduced dynamical processes in atoms, molecules …

INTRODUCTION Retinal is a light-sensitive protein ligand that is used by all domains of life
to process the information and energy content of light. Retinal-binding proteins are integral …

A new scientific frontier opened in 2009 with the start of operations of the world's first x-ray
free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National …

The SwissFEL X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facility started construction at the Paul
Scherrer Institute (Villigen, Switzerland) in 2013 and will be ready to accept its first users in …

A variety of organisms have evolved mechanisms to detect and respond to light, in which the
response is mediated by protein structural changes after photon absorption. The initial step …

The photoisomerization reaction of a fluorescent protein chromophore occurs on the ultrafast
timescale. The structural dynamics that result from femtosecond optical excitation have …