Patients with CKD have a 4–fivefold higher rate of fractures. The incidence of fractures
increases with deterioration of kidney function. The process of skeletal changes in CKD …

As the application of Raman spectroscopy to study bone has grown over the past decade,
making it a peer technology to FTIR spectroscopy, it has become critical to understand their …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are posing great threats to
global health within this century. Studies have suggested that estrogen and estrogen …

Raloxifene (RAL) reduces clinical fracture risk despite modest effects on bone mass and
density. This reduction in fracture risk may be due to improved material level-mechanical …

The following bone density measurements have limited utility in determining bone strength
because they do not include bone quality: microarchitecture, mineralization, ability to repair …

Purpose: Raloxifene (RAL) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has
previously been shown to cause acellular benefits to bone tissue. Due to these …

Background Rodent studies of bone in chronic kidney disease have primarily relied on end-
point examinations of bone microarchitecture. This study used longitudinal in vivo …

Background information Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the end‐point of chronic kidney
diseases. Tamoxifen, a selective oestrogen receptor (ER) modulator, attenuates renal …

Background Osteoporosis, osteoporosis-related fractures, and diabetes are considerable
health burdens in Japan. Diabetes in patients with osteoporosis has been reported to be …

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disease of Type I collagen and collagen-
associated pathways that results in brittle bone behavior characterized by fracture and …