The idea that resources are limited and animals can maximise fitness by trading costly
activities off against one another forms the basis of life-history theory. Although investment in …

Individuals occupying dominant and subordinate positions in social hierarchies exhibit
divergent behaviours, physiology and neural functioning. Dominant animals express higher …

Most parasites co-occur with other parasites, although the importance of such
multiparasitism has only recently been recognised. Co-infections may result when hosts are …

Multiple infections, either simultaneous or sequential, affecting a single plant or crop are
now recognized to be common in plant disease epidemics. These multiple infections thus …

Current thinking in life‐history theory and the biology of ageing suggests that ageing rates,
and consequently life spans, evolve largely as a function of trade‐offs with reproduction …

Background One central concept in evolutionary ecology is that current and residual
reproductive values are negatively linked by the so-called cost of reproduction. Previous …

The present review discusses the communication between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad
(HPG) axis and the immune system of vertebrates, attempting to situate the HPG-immune …

Introduced vector-borne diseases, particularly avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) and
avian pox virus (Avipoxvirus spp.), continue to play significant roles in the decline and …

A central principle in life-history theory is that reproductive effort negatively affects survival.
Costs of reproduction are thought to be physiologically based, but the underlying …

Chronic, low‐intensity parasite infections can reduce host fitness through negative impacts
on reproduction and survival, even if they produce few overt symptoms. As a result, these …