In the early 1950s, Austin and Chang independently described the changes that are
required for the sperm to fertilize oocytes in vivo. These changes were originally grouped …

Mammalian fertilization is a fascinating process that leads to the formation of a new
individual. Eggs and sperm are complex cells that must meet at the appropriate time and …

Mammalian fertilization comprises sperm migration through the female reproductive tract,
biochemical and morphological changes to sperm, and sperm-egg interaction in the oviduct …

In vitro fertilization (IVF) gives rise to embryos in a number of mammalian species and is
currently widely used for assisted reproduction in humans and for genetic purposes in cattle …

In recent years, the combination of synthetic micro‐and nanomaterials with spermatozoa as
functional components has led to the development of tubular and helical spermbots …

Abstract Calcium ions (Ca 2+) are involved in nearly every aspect of cellular life. They are
one of the most abundant elements in mammals and play a vital role in physiological and …

Recent evidence demonstrated that most fertilizing mouse sperm undergo acrosomal
exocytosis (AE) before binding to the zona pellucida of the eggs. However, the sites where …

Sperm chemotaxis is a chemical guiding mechanism that may orient spermatozoa to the egg
surface. A picomolar concentration gradient of Progesterone (P), the main steroidal …

Sperm are propelled by bending waves traveling along their flagellum. For steering in
gradients of sensory cues, sperm adjust the flagellar waveform. Symmetric and asymmetric …

The chemotaxis of sperm towards eggs is a widespread phenomenon that occurs in most
forms of life from lower plants to mammals and plays important roles in ensuring fertilization …